How many litters do voles typically produce each year?

Voles are known for their high reproductive rates, which is a key factor in their population dynamics. They can produce several litters each year, often ranging from three to ten litters depending on the species and environmental conditions. The females typically have a short gestation period, around three weeks, which allows for rapid population growth and adaptation to changing habitats. This reproductive strategy enables voles to maintain their populations despite predation and other mortality factors. Understanding this aspect of vole biology is crucial in managing their populations, especially in contexts like agriculture or habitats impacted by vegetation management.