What is a common impact of deer and elk on right of way areas?

The impact of deer and elk on right of way areas is significant, particularly in relation to plant health and regeneration. When these animals graze on young trees, shrubs, and various herbaceous plants, they can cause stunted growth, deformity, or even lead to the death of these plants. This occurs because they consume the foliage and buds, which are essential for the plants' development and survival. Additionally, when populations are high, overgrazing can lead to severe reductions in plant diversity and disrupt the natural ecosystem balance.

In contrast, the other options present benefits or positive effects that are not typically associated with high populations of deer and elk. Increased biodiversity is generally diminished when these herbivores are present in high numbers, as they target specific plant species, leading to reduced variety among the flora. Protection of saplings from pests is unlikely, as intense grazing pressure compromises the ability of these plants to grow resiliently and robustly. Finally, while deer and elk may help in certain ecological processes in balanced ecosystems, their effects in disturbed or manicured environments like right of way areas often hinder healthy forest growth rather than promote it.