Qualified Applicator License (QAL) Right of Way Practice Exam

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• What is an effective way to retain moisture in sandy soils and unirrigated sites?
• What occurs during the reproductive growth stage?
• Why is the presence of voles particularly harmful to young trees?
• What benefit does a Sticker Adjuvant provide regarding sunlight degradation?
• What is the primary objective of exclusion in pest management?
• What characteristics can reduce spray contact on a plant?
• How might the feeding habits of vertebrates affect desirable vegetation?
• When is it advisable to control weeds around desirable vegetation?
• Which of the following methods is effective in killing established conifers and other woody species?
• What is a primary hazard associated with dry flowables (DF) or water-dispersible granules (WDG)?
• What is one benefit of applying pesticides at night?
• What species lack seed leaves in emerging shoots?
• What is a successful strategy for managing water efficiency in plant growth?
• Which of the following characteristics might typically define an adjuvant?
• What should be verified about amendments, mulches, and soils before bringing them to a site?
• Why should insecticides and miticides be applied when perennial woody plants are dormant?
• How do nutrients in the soil relate to pest management?
• What characteristic feature helps identify vole locations?
• What do biological control predators do?
• What environmental condition is typically detrimental to bacteria?
• What is a key problem associated with yellow star thistle?
• What role does temperature play in the activity of soil microorganisms relating to pesticide persistence?
• What type of applicator certificate is required for the use of aluminum phosphide?
• How can one identify if aphids have been parasitized?
• What is NOT a method to increase the selectivity of pesticides?
• To effectively control abundant birds near an airport, what action should be taken?
• What is the primary benefit of burning vegetation on a drainage or levee?
• What is a major problem associated with overfertilization?
• Which animal is noted as not being effectively controlled by fumigants?
• What should be done after laundering clothes used in pesticide application?
• Translaminar pesticides have the ability to:
• What are baits in the context of pesticides?
• What is a common method by which porcupines damage trees?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the four major categories of pest management?
• Which feature is associated with grasses?
• Which of the following is classified as a common sucking pest?
• Which attribute of hand-operated equipment makes it easy to repair and maintain?
• What is the main action required to destroy top growth effectively?
• What method is most effective for controlling winter annuals?
• What is the best approach to manage plant diseases effectively?
• How does abamectin work on suck pests?
• What is one of the characteristics of anticoagulant baits?
• Which materials are classified as nonorganic mulches?
• How many young does a ground squirrel typically have in one litter?
• How can pheromones be utilized to manage mountain pine beetles?
• Which of the following organisms does not produce spores?
• What negative impact does soil disturbance have on the environment?
• Controlled burns help to reduce the occurrence of which type of fire?
• Which adjuvant helps to protect against wash-off after application?
• Which invasive plant is toxic to cattle and horses?
• What is the desired outcome of using an Acidifier Adjuvant?
• What is the most effective management strategy for biennials?
• What does half-life refer to in terms of pesticides?
• Which material is known for being corrosion resistant but may suffer from abrasion issues?
• What method is most effective for controlling ground squirrel populations in late winter and early spring?
• When is it considered a bad time to use translocated herbicides on annuals?
• Under what circumstance is a brass nozzle considered acceptable?
• How can problems when handling pesticides be minimized?
• What impact does a longer half-life of a pesticide have?
• Which characteristic defines an insect?
• Which method can effectively promote the growth of established plants?
• What type of thicket does Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) form?
• What conditions are considered best for flaming weeds?
• What are invertebrates?
• When are food reserves at their highest in plants?
• What can result from poor pesticide application practices?
• What is the best method for managing established perennial plants?
• What are classified as noncellular submicroscopic pathogens?
• What is the primary use of spinosad in pest management?
• What feature distinguishes kangaroo rats and riparian woodrats?
• What is a notable hazard of emulsifiable concentrates (E, EC)?
• What is a key factor for managing vegetation with nonselective herbicides?
• Besides insects, how can viruses be spread among plants?
• How does imidacloprid kill foliage feeding insects?
• Which of the following is characterized by its rapid spread and ability to form dense mats?
• What is a key benefit of maintaining written records in Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?
• What is a recommended way to modify your irrigation schedule?
• Which method is suggested for conserving moisture for desirable plants?
• What does the term translocated herbicides refer to?
• In terms of persistence, which solvent type lasts longer?
• Which of the following is a benefit of installing fencing for pest control?
• What is spinosad derived from?
• What role does the presence of pest organisms play in the pest triangle?
• What is the primary function of a Buffer Adjuvant?
• What is the primary concern with pests related to overfertilization?
• When do most serious pesticide exposures generally happen?
• How can you enhance your pest trapping success?
• What does an Attractant Adjuvant do?
• Which type of herbicide kills weeds before they emerge from the soil?
• What methods are effective for directly controlling established perennial weeds?
• What does a Humectant Adjuvant primarily help to achieve in pesticide applications?
• What type of plants do mistletoes typically grow in?
• How can overfertilization affect plant health?
• What is the primary hazard associated with wettable powders?
• What is the purpose of Water conditioners adjuvants?
• What is a buffer primarily used for in pesticide applications?
• When is the optimal time to spray bermudagrass and nutsedges?
• What aspect of pesticides is safety associated with in formulation selection?
• What is the primary benefit of using a Sticker Adjuvant?
• When are masticators typically utilized in land management?
• When should follow-up occur with preemergence herbicide applications?
• Why is it considered best to water plants early in the morning?
• When do translocated herbicides move more readily to underground parts of plants?
• What is the application method for imidacloprid?
• What kind of damage do digging vertebrates primarily cause?
• What is a primary characteristic differentiating complete from incomplete metamorphosis?
• Why are pesticides important in Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?
• What is the primary goal of biological control competitors?
• What mechanism does cultivation use to kill herbaceous perennials?
• How can wind impact pesticide applications?
• What is the main role of a Humectant Adjuvant?
• Which of the following insects would you expect to undergo complete metamorphosis?
• What generally happens to plant growth once flowering and fruit set begins?
• What type of pesticides should be used when looking for selectivity and low persistence?
• What is one method of mechanical control that can be used to manage vegetation on right of ways?
• Which of the following is an example of organic mulch?
• How do mites differ from insects?
• What are the primary ways pesticides can move off-site?
• What are the visible structures of fungi commonly observed?
• Why is it important to preserve desirable plants in an ecosystem?
• What is one consequence of introducing pathogens into a new area?
• What practice can help minimize pesticide resistance?
• How do ground squirrels emerge from their burrows?
• Why is it discouraged to tank mix insecticides with different modes of action (MOAs)?
• What type of damage do rabbits cause to young trees?
• Which practice is essential in the cultural control of pests?
• What is a common feature of adult insects?
• How is preemergence herbicide typically incorporated into the soil?
• Which of the following pesticides is effective against woody and perennial plants?
• What is the primary function of translocated pesticides?
• How do woodrats typically cause damage to plants?
• How many seeds can one Centaurea stoebe (Spotted Knapweed) produce?
• Which stage of growth includes the development of stems, foliage, and roots?
• Which of the following best represents the life cycle of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis?
• How should work clothing used during pesticide application be handled?
• How can herbaceous perennials be managed without systemic herbicides?
• What factors can contribute to pesticides moving offsite?
• What types of pests are primarily controlled through trapping?
• How do fabrics compare to sheeting in terms of weed control?
• What can the examination of written records in IPM help with?
• What age of trees can pocket gophers affect through chewing?
• What method is effective for controlling herbaceous weeds using heat?
• Which group of pesticides is known to be especially toxic to natural predators?
• What are vertebrate fumigants primarily composed of?
• Which type of pesticide is more volatile?
• What kind of damage do wild pigs cause to irrigation systems?
• What is a characteristic of translaminar pesticides?
• What is a common effect of fungi on plant health?
• Which adjuvant is primarily used to keep foam from affecting applications?
• What characteristic distinguishes conifer plants?
• What does the size of a buffer zone swath take into account?
• What is the primary drawback of contact pesticides?
• What is the primary concern when controlling weeds around desirable plants?
• Which of the following biological controls is characterized by competition among organisms?
• What is a positive effect of soil disturbance in land management practices?
• What is the consequence of inaccurately measuring pesticides?
• What area is used to calibrate a small spray tank using the 128th-acre method?
• Managed fires are used primarily to:
• What is Delairea odorata commonly known as?
• What is a recommended method for managing vegetation in vertebrate habitat modification?
• How do anticoagulant baits typically affect their target?
• What is one advantage of wettable powders compared to other formulations?
• What is the best treatment method for established perennials?
• What are adjuvants used for in pesticide applications?
• Where should leftover pesticide be disposed of?
• What method is recommended for calibrating a spot gun?
• What type of pests are commonly referred to as true bugs?
• What is the primary function of Drift Control Agent adjuvants?
• What do beavers mainly target when causing damage?
• What is the purpose of a wetter-spreader adjuvant?
• What is the proper method to fill a spray tank?
• Which type of pesticide is effective only on exposed parts of pests or plants?
• What are common symptoms of phytotoxicity in plants?
• What should be done with the pH of water before adding pesticides to a spray tank?
• What is the advantage of using hot surfactant foam for weed control?
• What is a main advantage of using anticoagulant baits?
• How do pocket gophers contribute to plant damage?
• What is the biggest advantage of using rope wick and pad applicators?
• When is the best time to control annual weeds?
• What is the purpose of using Colorants as adjuvants?
• What can hinder mowing and contact herbicides from killing seedling grasses?
• What are water-soluble packets designed to do?
• In which areas are California ground squirrels predominantly recognized as pests?
• What treatment is recommended for effectively managing field bindweed?
• Which grass is noted for its ability to regrow quickly after burning?
• When do vertebrates typically become classified as pests?
• What defines biological controls in pest management?
• Which benefit is typically provided by using a formulation that consists of wettable powders?
• What is the best time to control annual weeds?
• What is necessary for effective control of vegetative perennials using herbicides?
• What method is generally needed to kill the growing points on established perennials?
• What is the reason for cleaning plant and soil residue from equipment?
• What type of herbicides is most likely ineffective against perennial weeds?
• What factor is NOT part of the pest triangle?
• What do we need to monitor regarding planting stock before use?
• In what ways do wild pigs cause environmental damage?
• What is one drawback to using tracked equipment on land?
• What type of herbicide is best applied when plants are vigorously growing?
• What is a common way that porcupines feed on trees?
• Which species is often affected by vegetation management practices?
• How do acidifiers affect the pH of a solution?
• What is a major disadvantage of fencing as a pest control method?
• How many litters do voles typically produce each year?
• What is a characteristic of leafmining insects?
• What is the primary purpose of pesticides?
• What is a potential outcome of vertebrates feeding on cankers and rust diseased tissue?
• What is the reason for preventing soil and water movement from contaminated areas?
• What is a characteristic of broadleaf plants?
• What environmental condition is necessary for postemergence herbicides to work effectively?
• When does pesticide drift typically occur?
• Which type of adjuvant is typically added during the mixing process by the applicator?
• How does mulch contribute to soil moisture conservation?
• Do sucking pests leave visible damage on plants?
• How does cooler temperature affect pesticide persistence?
• What is a hazard associated with using dusts (D) in applications?
• What is NOT one of the five components of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?
• What may happen if vole damage goes unnoticed until late spring or summer?
• What are pesticide formulations?
• What are the main agents responsible for causing disease in plants?
• How long does it typically take for anticoagulants to cause death in affected animals?
• What is a common impact of deer and elk on right of way areas?
• What is a method by which pesticides can enter groundwater?
• What can result from soil disturbance?
• What type of root system do annual grasses exhibit?
• Which soil microorganisms are primarily responsible for breaking down pesticides?
• How do deer mice contribute to damage in their environments?
• What should be used to protect sensitive areas from pesticide drift?
• What does trapping allow for in regard to dead animals?
• Is it advisable to apply herbicide when plants are under stress?
• What is the relationship between moisture in soil and pesticide effectiveness?
• How do fungi and oomycetes typically spread?
• What is the main method of action for biological control predators?
• What is the effect of using pesticides that preferentially kill pests over natural enemies?
• Why do certain pesticides persist longer on concrete than in soil?
• What time of year is trapping ground squirrels most effective?
• How does a Defoamer Adjuvant assist in pesticide applications?
• What should be done after correctly identifying pests according to IPM guidelines?
• What is a potential issue when using mechanical control methods?
• Do viruses require living tissue for survival?
• What could be a reason for pest control failure?
• What is a recommended strategy for controlling vegetation to deter pests?
• Which invasive plant is known for being a deep-rooted perennial and spreading rapidly?
• What damage do boring species typically cause to plants?
• What is one of the pros of using hand-operated application equipment?
• In which type of metamorphosis do insects show major changes during the pupal stage?
• Which risk is NOT associated with pesticide application?
• What is a typical sign of Ursus americanus damaging trees?
• What type of insects does abamectin primarily target?
• What common feature do dry flowables and granules share?
• What is one potential damage to plants located in low-lying areas?
• What is a disadvantage associated with trapping as a pest control method?
• Which benefit of using tree guards is not included?
• Preemergence herbicides are effective against which stage of weeds?
• What is the expected outcome of an appropriately designed and installed irrigation system?
• Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of using adjuvants in pesticide formulations?
• Through what means do bacteria typically enter plants?
• What is a significant concern with baiting strategies?
• What is the purpose of enclosed cabs in pesticide application?
• Which type of adjuvant is used to improve mixing in a pesticide solution?
• For what reason is timing important in pesticide application?
• Which of the following formulations is known for requiring agitation during mixing?
• When selecting a formulation for pesticide application, what should be considered first?
• How can the impact of a pesticide application be measured?
• Which of the following can lead to unnecessary pesticide safety risks?
• Why could a single dose of anticoagulant baits be more dangerous?
• Which configuration is crucial for achieving the manufacturer-specified rate with flat fan nozzles?
• What structures do fungi use to grow on their host?
• What advantage does a plastic nozzle with orifice insert have over a regular plastic nozzle?
• How must bacteria remain to survive?
• What best describes a secondary pest outbreak?
• What factors should be considered when determining an application pattern?
• What is a characteristic of Tamarix ramosissima?
• What is a primary benefit of using emulsifiable concentrates?
• How do pest invertebrates commonly damage plants?
• Why is it important to monitor regularly for pests?
• What is the ideal time for using off-center nozzles?
• What can be an outcome of muddy soil during pest management?
• What safety risk is most prevalent with flowables (F)?
• Why is it advisable to plant pine trees resistant to white pine blister rust?
• What risk is associated with pesticide application in right of way settings?
• Which of the following is a method to treat freshly cut stems and stumps of woody species?
• Why is prescribed fire used for pine seedlings?
• What is a notable downside of herbicides in comparison to non-chemical approaches?
• What is the impact of using thicker plastic sheets in weed control?
• What factors influence the effectiveness of plastic sheets in weed control?
• Hand weeding is preferred when:
• What is one reason to check vertebrate traps and baits regularly?
• How does drip irrigation primarily reduce weed problems?
• What type of herbicides control grasses and certain broadleaves?
• Generally, spray equipment consists of which of the following components?
• What is a preemergence herbicide primarily used for?
• What is a consequence of ground squirrels burrowing in certain environments?
• When is it advisable to use frightening tools for pest control?
• What types of abiotic damage can affect plants?
• What are the main components of a pesticide formulation?
• What is a recommended practice to avoid pesticide drift?
• What factor can lead to the most effective pest control while minimizing environmental impact?
• What is the purpose of bud caps?
• What is a benefit of multiple feedings with anticoagulant baits?
• What happens to pesticides in saturated soil?
• What is a key feature of using mechanical methods for controlling established plants?
• In controlling herbaceous weeds, which part of the plant should be targeted with a flamer?
• What is the edge angle range of a flat-fan nozzle?
• What type of damage do mistletoes cause to their host?
• What is one of the main benefits of using adjuvants in pesticide applications?
• What defines a weed in a forest nursery context?
• Why are water-soluble pesticides considered a risk for groundwater contamination?
• Who typically has access to maps showing the ranges of endangered species?
• What does 'pest resurgence' refer to?
• What is a consequence of baiting with regards to non-target organisms?
• Which of the following pesticides is known to kill grasses but not broadleaves?
• Why are woody plants effectively controlled with translocated herbicides after seed production?
• Who should be contacted regarding the disposal of pesticide containers?
• What defines vertebrate pests?
• Which development stage is least effective for controlling herbaceous weeds?
• Why should herbicides be applied carefully when dealing with plants with hairy or waxy leaves?
• Which of the following best defines phytotoxicity?
• What is the best approach to control summer annuals effectively?
• Rubber tired equipment is most suitable for use on:
• Which type of pesticide is most commonly used in forest areas and right of way applications?
• What is the general treatment option for plants infected with viruses?
• What is a primary feature of stainless steel nozzles?
• What defines purple nutsedge tubers?
• During which season do ground squirrels primarily eat green vegetation?
• What characteristic makes tungsten carbide and ceramic nozzles suitable for high-pressure applications?
• What action should be taken to maintain safety when handling pesticides?
• What is the function of a formulation adjuvant?
• What is an important consideration when choosing a pesticide formulation?
• What is a crucial component for effective pesticide application?
• Why are translocated pesticides most effective?
• How do beavers affect new plant growth?
• Which of the following pests have pincer-like mouthparts?
• Which of the following adjuvants is used to improve mixing and stabilize pH levels?
• What can be said about food reserves in plants just after leaf expansion?
• At what stage are conifers and other woody species easiest to kill?
• Which methods are effective in controlling most annual weeds?
• What kind of structural damage can ground squirrels cause while burrowing?
• Which of the following has been identified as a potential reason for pesticide resistance?
• What are bacteria?
• What kind of damage do rats commonly cause?
• What benefit do enclosed systems and water-soluble packets provide?
• When does Ursus americanus commonly cause feeding damage to trees?
• What is the primary function of buffers in pesticide solutions?
• Why is it critical to select the right formulation based on application equipment availability?
• What is the main goal of destroying underground storage organs of perennials through cultivation?
• What is a characteristic of the root system of sedges?
• What aspect distinguishes broadleaf plants from conifers?
• Why is understanding pesticide half-life important for application practices?
• What is the order of toxicity levels from lowest to highest for pesticides?
• What information should be documented during pest management actions?
• What consequence occurs when plants receive insufficient water?
• Why should wet soil be avoided in pest management?
• What is the primary focus of pest management according to IPM?
• Which strategy is effective in reducing greenhouse gas production?
• How does a Penetrant Adjuvant function in pesticide application?
• Which term refers to infectious organisms that injure or kill their hosts in pest management?
• Which insects are an example of incomplete metamorphosis?
• What should be done with small infestations of invasive weeds?
• What time frame is best for preemergence applications to control winter annuals?
• Which characteristic describes solutions (S) or water-soluble concentrates?
• What does the term "site of action" mean?
• What is the role of moisture in creating ideal conditions for flaming weeds?
• Why is a preemergent herbicide ineffective against perennial regrowth?
• What is a common form of incompatibility in pesticide mixtures?
• What effect does mulching have on soil moisture?
• Why is it beneficial to purchase quality planting stock?
• Which microbial insecticide is commonly used to control caterpillars?
• Pennisetum setaceum is also known as?
• Which of the following describes a consequence of soil compaction?
• When do vegetative propagules begin to form in herbaceous perennials?
• What is a key practice to reduce pesticide drift when spraying?
• What is the purpose of sanitation in pest management?
• How does organic matter influence pesticide breakdown?
• Which of the following fungi is visible to the naked eye?
• What should be avoided when applying herbicides according to best practices?
• How does increased frequency of pesticide use in highly organic soil affect the rate of breakdown?
• What characteristic of ester formulations increases their volatility?
• When is a good time to use translocated herbicides on certain perennials?
• In what type of location are voles considered problematic?
• What strategy could mitigate damage caused by pocket gophers?
• What is one method to favor a shift in species composition in habitat management?
• Why do established grasses and perennials recover from heat spot treatment?
• What does REI stand for in pesticide application?
• Which of the following is a common application time for postemergence herbicides?
• What is the first stage of insect development through complete metamorphosis?
• Which of the following is a common mechanical control method on right of ways?
• Why is it important to remove infestations promptly?
• What are common forms of abiotic plant stress?
• Which of the following statements best describes the breakdown process of pesticides in general?
• How can you determine if a plant has been properly flamed?
• What is a key element of silviculture in pest management?
• What is one strategy to reduce climate change related to plant management?
• What do perennial sedges typically produce?
• When should follow-up occur after applying contact herbicides on nonwoody plants?
• What type of pathogens is specific to only one pest species?
• How can keeping records of pest management actions be beneficial?
• In incomplete metamorphosis, how do nymphs differ from adults?
• What is considered the best time to control weeds effectively?
• Which adjuvant is intended to increase the deposited proportion of spray?
• What are mistletoes classified as?
• In managing perennial plants, why is timing crucial for application of herbicides?
• What is the most common route of pesticide exposure?
• What type of damage do cattle and livestock inflict on young trees?
• How does mulching help with weed control?
• What is a common factor that can lead to pest problems?
• What should be done if a pesticide application is interrupted by rain?
• What is one of the benefits of mowing as a land management technique?
• Where are the growing points on seedling broadleaved plants located?
• When are tree squirrels generally considered pests?
• What is a notable benefit of using selective use pesticides?
• Tracked equipment is best used on:
• Why is it important to keep mulch a few inches away from the trunks of desirable plants?
• What potential issue is associated with soluble powders (SP)?
• What is a significant advantage of trapping pests?
• Which of the following is a primary method of bacterial reproduction?
• What is the expected outcome after repeatedly destroying regrowing herbaceous perennials?
• Why are perennial broadleaves difficult to manage in pest control?
• What do ground squirrel burrows typically look like?
• What is a key strategy for controlling perennials successfully?
• What does a closed pesticide mixing system do?
• What is the optimum pH for pesticide solutions?
• Which situation causes birds to become pests?
• Which description fits yellow nutsedge tubers?
• What can be expected during the vegetative growth stage of a plant?
• Which method must be used to ensure the best control over annual weeds?
• Incompatibility in pesticide mixing refers to what?
• Which plant is known to be poisonous to sheep?
• When are annuals, biennials, and perennials most susceptible to management methods?
• What effect does increased moisture have on the breakdown of oil-based pesticides compared to water-based pesticides?
• Which of the following is NOT a reason for the selective use of pesticides?
• What is one of the main advantages of retaining roots in a mowed area?
• Which of the following potential problems can arise from ground squirrel gnawing?
• What is a problem that can result from overfertilization?
• How does using separate pumps help during pesticide application?
• When should preemergence herbicides be applied for optimal effectiveness?
• How can compensation be achieved for flat fan nozzle output in the center?
• What does "half-life" measure in relation to pesticides?
• Which strategy is NOT considered a part of cultural pest management?
• Which type of animals can effectively be controlled using fumigants?
• What is the best use of contact herbicides when managing annual weeds?
• Which method involves creating frills in the bark for treatment?
• What is a characteristic of micro encapsulated formulations during mixing/loading?
• What is a common consequence of birds feeding on seeds in regeneration projects?
• What does "mode of action" refer to in the context of pesticides?
• What is the mode of action of contact herbicides?
• Which type of spray nozzle is noted for its low abrasion resistance?
• What is a key benefit of mulching?
• What is the primary precaution when cultivating propagules like rhizomes or budding roots?
• How does an acidifier differ from a buffer?
• At what growth stage should bindweed and perennial pepperweed be sprayed?
• How frequently should vertebrate traps and baits be checked?
• Which foliar applied herbicides kill broadleaves but not grasses?
• What are the four categories of pest management?
• What is the typical burrowing depth of pocket gophers?
• How can backflow be prevented when filling a pesticide tank?
• Where is the growing point located on seedling grasses?
• What is a benefit of using tree guards?
• What is true of granules (GR) and pellets (P) regarding their handling?
• Which insects are commonly associated with the spread of viruses?
• What environmental condition is a crucial factor influencing pest outbreaks?
• Where are bait stations typically placed to minimize risk to non-target species?
• Which characteristic is true regarding dusts (D)?
• What is the effect of gnawing by spermophilus beecheyi on trees?
• What is one of the primary benefits of using mulch in landscaping?
• When is it considered wise to control pests in land management?
• Which insect group primarily serves as biological control parasites?
• How can sedges be identified?
• Which type of formulation is generally considered to have a lower potential for contributing to ozone pollution?
• Which of the following best describes the nature of flowables (F) during handling?
• Which formulation type leaves considerable residue after application?
• Under what conditions is shooting pests permitted?
• Which tree species require fire for the production of new seedlings?
• How do systemic herbicides generally function?
• Which species are of particular concern on right of ways due to their endangered status?
• What is a key method for controlling pocket gophers and voles?
• What happens to parasitized aphids as a result of the parasite's activity?